《民法典》惩罚性赔偿规则的具体适用

Specific Application of the Rules on Punitive Damages under the Civil Code

在《民法典》第179条第2款规定的惩罚性赔偿责任方式之下,《民法典》和其他法律规定了部分侵权惩罚性赔偿的规则。最高人民法院颁布了《侵害知识产权惩罚性赔偿司法解释》,规定了故意侵害知识产权惩罚性赔偿的具体适用规则,对正确适用法律规定的侵权惩罚性赔偿规范,保护被侵权人的权益,惩罚恶意侵害他人合法权益的侵权行为,维护市民社会秩序,具有重要借鉴价值。适用各类侵权惩罚性赔偿的法律规范,首先是要确定不同的惩罚性赔偿责任的构成,其次是要准确确定侵权惩罚性赔偿数额,确定侵权惩罚性赔偿的计算基数和计算倍数,最后是要根据侵权行为的具体情形综合考虑,在计算倍数的范围内,酌定具体的惩罚性赔偿数额。当前,法官在裁判中,混淆侵权惩罚性赔偿与违约惩罚性赔偿界限的较多,存在适用法律错误的问题,应当特别引起重视。

Under the mode of punitive damages liability stipulated in Article 179(2)of the Civil Code,the Civil Code and other laws provide rules for punitive damages for a few type of torts.The Supreme People’s Court has promulgated the judicial interpretation of infringement of intellectual property rights,which stipulates the specific rules for the application of punitive damages for intentional infringement of intellectual property rights,and has an important reference value for the correct application of the norms of punitive damages for infringement under the law,to protect the rights and interests of the infringed,to punish the infringement acts that maliciously infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of others,and to maintain the civil social order.To apply the legal norms of punitive damages for various types of torts,the first thing is to determine the composition of different punitive damages liability.Secondly,it is to accurately determine the amount of punitive damages for tort,and to determine the calculation base and calculation multiplier of punitive damages for tort.Finally,it is to consider the specific circumstances of infringement in a comprehensive manner,and to determine the specific amount of punitive damages within the range of the calculation multiplier at discretion.At present,judges confuse the boundary between punitive damages for tort and punitive damages for breach of contract more often in the adjudication,and there are problems of wrong application of law,which should be paid special attention to.