《民法典》中得利返还请求权基础的体系与适用

The System and Application of the Legal Basis of The Right to Claim for the Return of Unjust Enrichment

从《民法典》既有规定出发,我国不当得利返还请求权基础的体系如下:首先,对不当得利请求权一般条款模式进行反思,认为其构成是不清晰的;其次,确定给付型不当得利返还请求权的基础为第985条,而侵害型不当得利返还请求权的基础是第122条。给付型不当得利的构成是给付以及没有给付原因,而侵害型不当得利的关键因素是侵害,法律根据是指法律保护的权利地位,而使他人受损是指通过某种方式侵害为法律所保护的法律地位。再次,合同失败情况下的不当得利返还请求权基础为第157条以及第366条第1款。另外,侵害型不当得利的情况下,除了一般情况之外,《民法典》还规定了添附情况下的不当得利返还请求权(第322条)、直索型不当得利(第988条)以及无权处分情况下的不当得利返还请求权(第311条第2款)。最后,除了一般性的费用返还请求权以外,《民法典》还规定了添附情况下的费用型不当得利,其目的在于保护取得人不受强迫得利。第三人偿付的情况下,也可以主张不当得利返还请求权(第524条第2款)。

Starting from the provisions of the Civil Code,this article attempts to find out China’s system of the legal basis of the right to claim for the return of unjust enrichment.Firstly,it will reflect on the general clause of the right to claim for unjust enrichment,and it believes that its legal conditions are unclear.Secondly,it will be determined that the legal basis of the right to claim for payment of unjust enrichment is Article 985,and the basis for the right to claim of unjust enrichment in an infringement is Article 122.The condition of the right to claim for payment-type unjust enrichment is an existing payment and lack of legal reason,while the key factor of infringement-type unjust enrichment is an infringement.The legal basis of the infringement-type unjust enrichment refers to an infringement of the status of rights and the damage to others refers to the infringement of legal status protected by law.Thirdly,the basis of the claim for the return of unjust enrichment in the case of contract failure is Article 157 and Article 366,paragraph 1.In addition,in the case of infringement-type unjust enrichment,except for the general situation,the Civil Code also stipulates the right to request the return of unjust enrichment in the case of attachment(Article 322),and the direct claim-type unjust enrichment(Article 988)and the right to claim the return of unjust enrichment in the case of unauthorized disposition(Article 311,Paragraph 2).Finally,in addition to the general right to claim for return of expenses,the Civil Code also stipulates expenses instead of the gains in the case of attachment,with the purpose of protecting the acquirer from forced gains.In the case of payment by a third party,it is also possible to claim the right for return of unjust enrichment(Article 524,Paragraph 2).