事实优先原则的理论展开与司法适用——劳动法理论中的一个经典问题

The Theoretical Development and Judicial Application of the Principle of the Primacy of Facts:A Classic Issue in Labor Law Theory

事实优先原则是各国判断劳动关系存在与否时普遍适用的原则。该原则以揭露隐蔽劳动关系为核心功能,以保护劳动者与不妨碍真正的民商事合同为价值取向。事实优先原则要求在判断是否存在劳动关系时应优先以执行劳动和支付报酬的事实为指导,而不考虑当事人达成明示合意的合同名称与合同条款,但通常仅在有利于劳动者的情况下适用。不同国家对劳动关系进行事实判断的要件确定与指标选择并不一致,背后蕴含着本国法律制度与社会背景的差异。根据我国国情,宜坚持以人身从属性作为劳动关系事实要件的同时,确定经济从属性与人身从属性之间相对稳固的逻辑关联,并在一定程度上保持裁判规则的开放性。

In many countries,the principle of the primacy of facts is universally applicable when judges determining the existence of an employment relationship.The main function of this principle is to lift the veil of disguised employment,and the value orientation of it is to ensure that individuals in an employment relationship have the protection but at the same time not to interfere with true civil and commercial relationships.The principle of the primacy of facts means the determination of the existence of employment relationship should be guided primarily by the facts relating to the performance of work and the remuneration of the worker,notwithstanding how the relationship is characterized in any contrary agreement or terms.However,this principle generally is applied when it is beneficial to workers.The conditions and indicators for identifying an employment relationship may vary from countries for their different legal system and social background.According to China’s conditions,it is advisable to insist on the personal subordination as the core condition when determining the existence of employment relationship,establish a stable logical relationship between economic subordination and personal subordination,and keep the methods of defining open-ended.