数据犯罪刑法规制模式的现状评析与未来展望

Current Situation Analysis and Future Prospects of the Criminal Law Regulatory Model for Data Crimes

作为保障法,刑法在数据时代全面介入数据的法律保护已属必然。我国数据犯罪刑法规制呈现出立法与司法相交互的路径,涉及罪名包括计算机数据犯罪、个人信息犯罪、国家秘密类数据犯罪、商业秘密类数据犯罪和其他数据犯罪五大类。刑法未针对数据犯罪设置专门罪名,而是通过罪群将数据犯罪纳入刑法规制范围。这一罪群以计算机数据犯罪和个人信息犯罪为主、以其他数据犯罪为辅,呈现出间接保护、多重保护和重点保护等特征属性。立足当下,对数据犯罪的刑法规制宜维持目前的罪群模式,摒弃刑法先行的路径依赖;展望未来,在前置法对数据确权完成的前提下,可以设置包容性相对较强的侵犯数据权益罪,以进一步严密刑事法网,更好地满足数据权益保护的现实需要。

As a protective measure,criminal law’s comprehensive involvement in legal safe⁃guards for data in the digital age has become inevitable.China’s regulation of digital crime under criminal law exhibits an intertwined path of legislation and judicial action,involving categories of offenses such as computer data crimes,personal information crimes,state secret-related data crimes,business secret-related data crimes,and other data-related crimes.Rather than estab⁃lishing specific charges for data crimes,the criminal law encompasses these crimes within a clus⁃ter of offenses.This cluster is primarily centered around computer data crimes and personal infor⁃mation crimes,supplemented by other data-related crimes.It manifests characteristics of indi⁃rect protection,multiple layers of protection,and targeted protection.Given the current circum⁃stances,it is recommended to uphold the current cluster-based model for regulating data crimes within the framework of criminal law,while also moving away from the reliance on prioritizing criminal law in this context.Looking ahead,with the precondition of completing data ownership confirmation through antecedent laws,a relatively inclusive offense related to infringing data rights can be established.This will further fortify the criminal legal framework,better addressing the practical requirements of safeguarding data rights.