新型数据财产的行为主义保护:基于财产权理论的分析

Behavioral Protection of New Data Property:Analysis Based on Property Rights Theory

对于有财产价值却不为著作权、商业秘密、专利等制度保护的新型数据财产,是否保护与如何保护成为热点与难点问题。通过对财产权理论的分析,可以发现劳动与先占理论、投资促进以及公地悲剧和防止搭便车等激励理论、信息模块与交易费用理论均不足以推论出对其进行排他性财产权保护的结论。新型数据财产的行为主义保护是更为合理方案,可以最大限度保持数据的公共性,发挥数据汇聚效应,避免普遍侵权。我国“数据二十条”等政策虽然采取数据产权概念,但其内容实质区别于传统财产权,更接近行为主义保护。新型数据财产的行为主义保护应在不涉及竞争秩序时适用合同与侵权,在涉及竞争秩序时适用反不正当竞争法,在涉及安全与公共利益时适用行政法与刑法规制。

For the new data property with property value but not protected by copyright,trade secret,patent and other systems,whether and how to protect it has become a hot and difficult issue.Through the analysis of property theory,we can find that the theory of labor and first possession,investment promotion and incentive theories such as the tragedy of the commons and the prevention of free riding,information module and transaction cost theory are not sufficient to infer exclusive property rights protection.The behaviorist protection of new data property is a more reasonable choice,which can maximize the public character of data,promote data aggregation,and avoid widespread infringement.Although the concept of data property rights is adopted in China’s“Twenty Articles on Data”and other policies,its content is substantially different from traditional property rights and closer to behaviorism protection.The behaviorist protection of new data property should apply to contract and tort when the competition order is not involved,the anti-unfair competition law when the competition order is involved,and the administrative law and criminal law when the security and public interest are involved.