日本志愿服务的现状、问题及展望

The Status Quo, Problems and Prospects of Voluntary Services in Japan

本文对日本非营利事业相关政策以及日本志愿服务的意义和作用、志愿者动机等志愿服务领域相关研究进行梳理,在此基础上对制约日本志愿服务发展的问题进行分析,并提出对我国志愿服务发展的启示。研究结果显示,日本志愿服务发展存在三个突出问题:一是志愿服务团体经济独立性较弱,特别是东日本大地震之后对政府委托事业的依赖越来越强;二是志愿团体管理仍然较为粗放,亟需走向精细化;三是日本东北灾区的志愿服务团体逐渐失去使命感和方向,进入发展瓶颈期。在总结日本经验并吸取教训的基础上,本文提出对我国志愿服务发展的三点启示:一是深化"放管服"改革增强志愿服务内生动力;二是通过细分活动领域和深入了解志愿者需求,提高志愿者参与意愿;三是通过提高社区社会资本,促进社会网络形成,加速社区志愿服务发展。

This article explores the policies of non-profit undertaking and volunteer services in Japan regarding its significance,functions and motivations of volunteers.On this basis,problems restricting Japan’s volunteer services are analyzed and suggestions of China’s volunteer services is also put forward.The results showed that there are three noticeable problems in the development of Japan’s volunteer services.Firstly,voluntary service organizations are financially independent,and their reliance on government-commissioned undertakings became stronger especially after the Great East Japan Earthquake.Secondly,the extensive management of volunteer organizations are in urgent needs of being refined.Thirdly,volunteer organizations in the disasterhit areas of northeast Japan are gradually losing their mission and direction,entering a bottleneck of development.On the basis of summerizing Japan’s experience and lessons,three enlightenments for the development of volunteer services in China are put forward.The first one is to strengthen the driving force for volunteer services by deepening the reform of"streamlining administration and delegating power,strengthening supervision and optimizing services".The second one is to improve volunteers’enthusiasm for participation by subdividing voluntary activities and gaining insight into their needs.The third one is to boost the development of community volunteer service by improving community social capital and promoting the development of social networks.