数字时代数据产权的理论证成与权利构造

数据是数字经济时代的新型生产要素,发挥其赋能经济高质量发展的关键在于解决数据权属问题。数据具有劳动对象和生产工具双重属性,从劳动对象属性看,洛克劳动财产论可以论证数据赋权的内在正当性,从生产工具属性看,数字经济发展的现实需求可以论证数据赋权的外在正当性。数据具有价值性、稀缺性和可支配性,符合财产的法律特征。数据利益是国家数字经济发展战略中需要保护的重大法益,是一项特定和独立的民事利益,能与相关利益明确区分,且不能为现有权利类型所涵盖,符合利益上升为权利的前提条件。数据利益符合归属效能、排除效能和社会典型公开性的特征,满足权益区分理论的权利特征,应当设置一种新型财产权——数据产权。数据产权是权利人依法对特定数据财产享有直接支配和排他的权利,是一种私权、财产权、绝对权,其主体为数据劳动者,客体为数据财产,内容包括持有、利用、收益和处分四大权能。

Data is a new factor of production in the digital economy era,and its key role in enabling high-quality economic development lies in resolving data ownership issues.Data has dual attributes as both a labor object and a production tool.From the perspective of a labor object,the internal legitimacy of data empowerment is justified by using Locke's labor theory of property as a theoretical tool.F rom the perspective of a production tool,the external legitimacy of data empowerment is justified by realistic needs for the development of the digital economy.Data possesses value,scarcity,and disposability,conforming to the legal characteristics of property.Data interests are significant legal interests that need to be protected in the national digital economy development strategy.They represent specific and independent civil interests that can be clearly distinguished from related interests and are not covered by existing types of rights,meeting the prerequisite that interests can be elevated to rights.Data interests conform to the characteristics of attribution efficiency,exclusion efficiency,and social typicality of publicness,satisfying the rights characteristics of the theory of rights distinction.Therefore,a new type of property right,namely data property rights,should be established.Data property rights refer to the right holder's lawful and exclusive right to direct control over specific data property.They are a type of private right,property right,and absolute right,with data workers as the subject and digital property as the object.The rights include the right to hold and utilize,seek profits and dispose.