特别法人制度的法律构造及制度展开——以《民法典》第96~101条为分析对象

The Legal Structure and System Development of Special Legal Person System:Taking Article 96-101of the Civil Code as the Object of Analysis

在“功能主义”思维的指引下,《中华人民共和国民法典》特别法人制度虽然对“营利法人、非营利法人”按照二分法进行了拓展与补足,但是没有明确四类特别法人的具体功能属性、组织规范和运行规则。在现实生活中,四类特别法人制度面临不同的发展境遇。机关法人、基层群众性自治组织法人有专门的立法且体系完善;合作经济组织法人呈现差异化的立法结构,除农民专业合作社外,其他合作社立法有待完善;而农村集体经济组织法人则出现立法缺位。《中华人民共和国民法典》特别法人条款应通过各领域专门立法的形式予以展开:一是继续优化机关法人、基层群众性自治组织法人的制度体系;二是在《中华人民共和国农民专业合作社法》的立法框架下,制定统一调整各类合作经济组织的“合作经济组织法”;三是制定“农村集体经济组织法”。

The special legal person system in the Civil Code of PRC is the result of expanding and complementing the two structures of“promotional&non-promotional”legal persons under the guidance of“Functionalism”Ideas.The specific functional properties,organizational norms,and operational rules of the four types of special legal persons have not been clarified by the Civil Code of PRC.In reality,the four special legal persons are also facing different development sites.The provisions of the special legal persons in the Civil Code of PRC.shall be systematically launched in the form of special legislation in various fields:first,we must continue to supplement the system of agency legal persons and grassroots mass autonomous organizations;the second is to be in the“Farmers’Professional Cooperatives”under the legislative experience and framework,uniformly formulate the“Cooperative Economic Organization Law”that adjusts all kinds of cooperative economic organizations;the third is to specifically formulate the“Rural Collective Economic Organization Law”.