论负有照护职责人员性侵罪的规范目的——“年龄提高论”反思

On the Normative Purpose of the Crime of Sexual Assault by Persons with Care Responsibilities——Reflection on “the Theory of Age Raising”

将负有照护职责人员性侵行为入刑的规范目的,不是“对性同意年龄的部分提高”,而是“对滥用信任地位发生性行为的禁止”。在解释论方面,“年龄提高论”面临各种难以合理解决的刑法教义学问题,“信任地位滥用论”则具有几大理论优势:与我国宪法特别保护未成年女性的精神更加协调,在刑法规范体系内与其他相关条文的解释保持了逻辑一致性,为司法者处理特殊案件留下了合理出罪的解释空间等。考虑到“利用特殊职责关系”这一“不成文的构成要素”的司法证明难度太高,从刑事政策的维度考量,可以退一步将该构成要素的规范性质解释为立法上的推定规范。“立法推定说”完全满足设立“推定规范”所需的实体与程序的正当性评价标准。

The normative purpose of punishing“the crime of sexual assault by persons with care responsibilities”is not to“partially raise the age of sexual consent”,but to“prohibit sexual behavior by abusing trust status”.In the aspect of hermeneutics,“the theory of age raising”is faced with various problems of criminal law doctrine.However,“the theory of abusing trust status”has several theoretical advantages:it is more harmonious with the spirit of protecting underage women in our Constitution;it keeps logical consistency with the interpretation of other relevant laws and regulations in the criminal law norm system;and it leaves a reasonable interpretation space for the judiciary to deal with special cases.Considering the difficulty of judicial proof,we can interpret the normative nature of this component as a presumptive norm in legislation.The theory of legislative presumption fully meets the legitimacy evaluation criteria of substantial justice and procedure justice required for the establishment of“presumption norms”.