亲子关系推定规则的理解与适用——基于“北大法宝”251份民事判决书的分析

Understanding and application of the presumption rules on the parent-child relationship: Based on analysis of 251 civil judgments on pkulaw.cn

实践中,法官在亲子关系推定规则的逻辑关系上存在理解误区,对"必要证据""相反证据"的证明对象、证据范围及证明标准认识不一,严重侵害了裁判统一和司法权威。该规则对拒绝亲子鉴定的"正当理由"缺乏明确规定,一定程度上导致当事人拒绝权的滥用。为此,有必要通过解释或补充对此规则予以完善。亲子关系推定是建立在事实主张者对基础事实的证明,以及对方当事人证明妨碍行为基础上的推定。"必要证据"的证明对象为"基础事实"而非"推定事实"。基于未成年子女利益最大化理念,在否定亲子关系之诉中,基础事实的证明要达到"高度盖然性"的证明标准,而在确认亲子关系之诉中,只需达到"盖然性占优势"。"相反证据"通常情况下为"反证",能够动摇法官对基础事实的心证即可。拒绝亲子鉴定的"正当理由"以当事人身体健康条件不允许或存在特殊情况无法实现查明案情为限。家事案件重在实质真实的发现,只有法官尽其探知职权仍不能查明事实时,当事人无正当理由拒绝配合亲子鉴定,方能作出对其不利的推定。

In practice,there are misunderstandings among Chinese judges on the logical relationship in the presumption rules of the parent-child relationship,and different judicial views on the object of proof,the standard of proof and the scope of indispensable evidence and contrary evidence,which has caused severe damages to the consistency of adjudication and the judicial authority.The rule lacks clarification on the"proper reason"for refusing the paternity test,which to some extent leads to the abuse of the parties’right of refusal.Therefore,it is necessary to improve the rule by explanation or supplement.The presumption of the parent-child relationship is based on proof of basic facts by the proponent as well as proof of obstruction behavior by the opponent.The proof object of indispensable evidence should be basic facts rather than presumptive facts.Based on the aim of maximizing the interests of minor children,the proof of basic facts should reach the standard of"high degree of probability"in lawsuits of denying the parentchild relationship,while it only needs to reach"preponderance of probability"in lawsuits of confirming the parentchild relationship.Generally speaking,a piece of contrary evidence is a disproof,which only needs to be able to shake judge’s pre-existing opinions on the basic facts.The proper reason for refusing paternity test shall be limited to the facts that the physical health condition of the party is not suitable for testing or the case cannot be determined under special circumstances.The goal of family lawsuits is to identify the substantive truth.Only when judges fail to find out the facts at the best of their authority,while the party refuses the paternity test without a proper reason,can the presumption against the party be made.