环境空气降尘采样及测定方法研究进展

Research Progress on Sampling and Determination Methods of Ambient Air Dustfall

降尘是环境空气质量的一项重要指标,中国近年来十分重视降尘量监测和改善工作,文章通过对比分析国内外近10年降尘污染现状,综述了国内外降尘采样及测定方法的研究进展,结果表明:中国近10年降尘量平均值为8.4 t/(km^(2)·月),相比1991-2011年下降约43%,中国降尘量平均值约为国外的2.5倍,远高于欧美发达国家;中国标准和国际标准的湿法降尘采样方法优于美国标准,而国外集尘缸防鸟环设计值得中国标准借鉴,为了将每月单一降尘量数据分解为多个降尘量数据,国内外研发了干湿降尘采样技术、沙尘降尘采样技术、污染源降尘采样器和多方位降尘采样器等;国际标准和美国标准通过测定水溶性和不溶性降尘量得到总降尘量的方法值得中国标准借鉴,为了提高降尘量监测结果的时间分辨率,国内外研发了降尘量自动采样器、不溶性降尘自动采样器、降尘量连续自动监测仪、水溶性降尘自动监测仪等;建议生态环境主管部门加强环境空气降尘采样及测定方法研究,利用国内外先进的降尘采样及测定技术来指导中国降尘量污染成因识别及防治工作,以使中国降尘量尽快达到欧美发达国家水平。

Dustfall is an important indicator of ambient air quality.In recent years,China has attached great importance to monitoring and improving dustfall.By comparing and analyzing the current situation of dustfall pollution at home and abroad in recent 10 years,the research progress of dustfall sampling and determination methods at home and abroad was summarized,and the results show that:The average dustfall in China in recent 10 years is 8.4 t/(km^(2)·month),which is about 43%lower than that in 1991-2011.The average dustfall in China is about 2.5 times of that in foreign countries,which is much higher than developed countries in Europe and America.The wet sampling method of dustfall in Chinese standard and International standard(ISO DP 4222-2)is superior to that of American standard(ASTM D1739-98(2017)).However,the design of antibird rings on dustfall collecting cylinder abroad is worthy of reference for China.In order to decompose the monthly single dustfall datum into multiple dustfall data,the dry and wet dustfall sampling technology,sandstorm dustfall sampling technology,pollution source dust fall sampler and multi-directional dustfall sampler are developed at home and abroad.The methods of measuring total dustfall by measuring the water-soluble and insoluble dustfall in ISO DP 4222-2 and ASTM D1739-98(2017)are worthy of reference for China.In order to improve the temporal resolution of dustfall monitoring results,automatic dustfall sampler,insoluble dustfall automatic sampler,continuous dustfall automatic monitor,water-soluble dustfall automatic monitor are developed at home and abroad.It is suggested that the competent departments of ecology and environment should strengthen the research on sampling and determination methods of ambient air dustfall,and use the advanced sampling and determination techniques of dustfall at home and abroad to guide the identification of the causes of dustfall pollution and the prevention of dustfall in China,to make our dustfall as soon as possible to reach the level of developed countries in Europe and America.