非洲国家宪法价值目标与实施机制研究

Research on the Value Targets and Implementation Mechanisms of African Constitutions

非洲国家的宪法文本具有强烈的价值倾向,多承认国际社会的价值和精神原则,将宪法定位成全社会的价值共识基础,并为国家的发展指明了方向。出于对本国政治文化和国民素质的不信任,各国宪法民主政治制度设计追求的更多是形式上的民主化,宪法设计高度重视国家的政治稳定,引入自卫民主理论,规定了行政机关的强势地位,并设置了强势的中央政府。为了有效实现宪法的价值和目标,非洲各国宪法高度重视宪法的规范约束力,绝大多数国家都建立了宪法审查制度,为公民提供了形式上便利的宪法诉愿渠道,赋予宪法审查机关政治争议裁判权力,并建立了专门的宪法实施监督机关。要将制度设计中的良好愿望转变成现实生活中的宪法,非洲国家还有很长的路要走。

The texts of African constitutions show a strong tendency to specific values.Most of them recognize the values and spiritual principles of the international communities,position themselves as the basis of the whole society’s value consensus,and indicate the direction for the development of the country.Due to the distrust of their political culture and political qualities of their populations,the design of constitutional democratic political system in various African countries pursues more formal democratization,and the constitutions attach great importance to the political stability of the country,introduce the theory of self-defense democracy,stipulate the strong position of the administrative organs and set up a strong central government.In order to effectively realize the value and goals of the constitutions,the African constitutions place emphasis on their normative binding force.Most countries have established a constitutional review system,providing citizens with formally convenient constitutional appeal channels.The constitutional review organs are also entitled the authority of adjudicate over political disputes.Various supervision institutes have also been established to implement the constitutions.In order to turn the good wishes of institutional design into real-life constitutions,African countries still have a long way to go.