大国在国际组织中的非正式领导力

大国在国际组织中的领导力是一项重要研究议程。与既有研究侧重关注大国领导力的类型不同,本文主要探讨大国国际组织领导力的来源,尤其是在国际组织中非正式领导力的来源。为解决国际组织中大国与小国之间的"参与限制难题",大国往往会被赋予非正式领导力,其中掌控议程设置、发挥信息优势和施加外部影响力是大国发挥非正式领导力的三种主要途径。在案例分析部分,20世纪80年代末,埃及因国内经济困难向IMF申请贷款,但双方在贷款条件上的偏好差异导致谈判陷入僵局。美国因海湾战争介入双方谈判,并支持埃及的政策偏好。然而面对IMF的成文规则,美国也无法实现本国的战略目标。在此情况下,美国通过发挥非正式领导力,帮助埃及打破了与IMF贷款谈判的僵局。

Leadership of powerful countries in international organizations is a new research agenda for international politics.Unlike existing research focuses on the type of leadership,this paper pays attentions to the sources of informal leadership of the powerful countries in international organizations,including agenda-setting,information asymmetry and external influence.In1980 s,Egypt applied loan from the IMF due to its domestic economic difficulties.Egypt-IMF debt negotiation soon became deadlocked because of its preference divergence:Egypt prefers to gradual institutional change,while IMF prefers Egypt to have more ambitious institutional change.After the Gulf war,US got involved in the negotiation,helping Egypt to break the deadlock.Facing the opposition from the IMF staff and other executive directors,US can’t play the formal leadership relying on its votes or voting coalition.Under this condition,the US successfully played its leadership in the IMF through the informal approach.