超越霸权——国际关系中领导的性质及其观念基础

本文从权力的关系属性出发,把国际关系中的领导理解为非等级关系下的权力行使。它不依靠制度的强制,而是在合作协商基础上的引领。与霸权这一指向整体性控制的概念不同,国际关系中的领导指涉的是具体领域、具体议题和具体事务,没有所谓普遍的或一般的领导。正是基于此,领导并不像霸权那样,与某个具体的国家挂钩,任何国家都可以在适当的议题或领域行使领导权。这样,领导权也不需要具有意识形态竞争意味的"软权力"或"文化霸权"的助力,只需要坚持国际关系的公认基本原则、回到尊重每一个国家多样性存在的基本共识上即可。

Based on the relational characteristic of power,the leadership in international relations should be understood as the use of power in the non-hierarchical background.It does not rely on the coercive forces provided by the formal institutions,but on the basis of cooperation and negotiation.Unlike hegemony,which means holistic control or dominance,leadership in international relations exists in specific areas and issues.There is no universal or general leadership among nations.Leadership in international relations is not linked to a specific state or organization;any state,organization,individual can exercise leadership in appropriate issues or areas,which distinguishes the international leadership from hegemony.Therefore,leadership in international relations does not need the assistance of"soft power" or "cultural hegemony",which two things refer to ideological competition.On the contrary,the fundamental principles of international relations and respect for diversity of each state,have already paved the way for non-hierarchical leadership.