摘要
世界贸易组织运行日益面临争端解决机制、例外条款规制、单边措施限制等结构性问题,在世界贸易组织框架下构建数字贸易规则也面临多种障碍。本文主要从数字贸易与大国竞争及国家安全密切关联的特性、世界贸易组织协定与数字贸易相关的条款及其适用性、区域贸易协定中数字贸易规则的积极进展等几个方面,分析这些因素如何对世界贸易组织成员就数字贸易规则进行谈判产生影响。由于数字贸易蕴含复杂的技术和安全因素,在世界贸易组织框架下建立统一的数字贸易规则体系将是漫长而曲折的进程,而多个区域贸易协定正逐步建立起分化的数字贸易规则架构,原因在于区域自由贸易协定既能为双边或多边数字贸易提供较强规制,又能有效应对数据传输可能带来的个人隐私、社会稳定和国家安全的风险。
The running of World Trade Organization is increasingly facing structural issues such as dispute settlement mechanisms,exception clause regulations,and unilateral measure restrictions.There are also multiple obstacles to constructing digital trade rules under the WTO framework.This article mainly analyzes how these factors pose impact on WTO members’negotiations on digital trade rules,concerning the characteristics of close relations between the digital trade and the competition among major powers as well as national security,the applicability of the provisions related to and digital trade of the WTO agreements,and the positive progress of digital trade rules in regional trade agreements.Because digital trade contains complex technical and security factors,establishing a universal digital trade rules system under the WTO framework will be a long and tortuous process,and some regional free trade agreements are gradually establishing a differentiated digital trade rules framework.The reason is that regional free trade agreements can not only provide strong regulations for bilateral or multilateral digital trade,but also effectively deal with the risks of personal privacy,social stability and national security that data transmission may bring.
