南方稻作“铁犁牛耕”的起源:从郑家湖“首蹄葬”遗迹谈起

The Origin of Cattle-drafted Ferrous Plough in Southern Rice Farming China:From the Discuss of“Head and Hoof Burial”in Zhengjiahu Relic

华夏牛耕作业开始的时间在学术界一直存在争议,有“神农说”“夏商说”“西周说”“春秋说”“战国说”“西汉说”等多种说法,但对耕作模式是“耒耜耕作”还是“铁犁牛耕”,是“北方旱作”还是“南方稻作”并未作区分。本文从湖北云梦郑家湖“首蹄葬”遗迹及相关考古发现入手,参照汉晋以来的文献资料,追溯荆楚先民的农耕生活和“火耕水耨”的历史,并指出南方稻作“铁犁牛耕”开启的时间大约在汉晋之间,相较于北方旱作要晚很多。

When cattle ploughing began in agriculture is a controversial issue,with the answers of“Shen Nong Times”“Xia and Shang Period”“Western Zhou Period”“Spring and Autumn Period”“Warring States Period”“Western Han Dynasty”,etc.Also it is not clear whether it was cattle-drafted ferrous plough or ploughing by Leisi tool that used in dry farming northern China or in rice-planting southern China.This paper is based on the head and hoof burial in Zhengjiahu relic and other archeological discoveries,and the documents of Han and Jin Dynasties,to trace back the farming history of the ancient people living in Jingchu,and reveal the blurred shape of“ploughing with fire and water”.The cattle-drafted ferrous plough in rice farming Jingchu area started much later than that in the northern area,about among the Han and Jin Dynasties.