云南省三州(市)6~11岁城市流动儿童的忽视现状研究

Study on the neglect status of urban migrant children aged 6 to 11 in three prefectures(cities) of Yunnan Province

目的了解云南省三地区城市流动儿童的忽视现况及主要原因,为有效减少其发生制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法根据经济及教育水平等因素,2020年9—12月采用多阶段分层整群抽样,抽取昆明市、大理州和临沧市3个地区为调查点,采用《中国城市儿童青少年忽视评价常模量表》,对1193名学生进行相关调查。结果云南省三地区6~11岁城市流动儿童总忽视率40.7%(486/1193),其中城市流动儿童忽视率为40.80%(393/963);非城市流动儿童忽视率为40.4%(93/230)。城市流动儿童男童各层面忽视率大于女童,其中安全层面有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.417,P<0.05)。不同民族中除医疗层面外,汉族忽视率都高于少数民族,其中身体(χ^(2)=6.963,P<0.05)和情感(χ^(2)=6.850,P<0.05)差异有统计学意义。与云南省农村儿童、中国农村留守儿童、全国儿童相应指标比较,云南省城市流动儿童忽视度较低,差异有统计学意义(6~8岁t=20.281、19.153、13.616,P<0.001;9~11岁t=7.075、13.101、8.047,P<0.001)。结论云南省三州(市)6~11岁城市流动儿童忽视情况较十年前有所缓解,针对流动儿童实施的相关政策效果逐步显现。家庭教育模式有所转变,“父母教育卷入”使“子女随父母进城务工”逐渐被“父母随子女进城读书”所替代,但是针对低龄流动儿童的社会融合和适应相关问题应持续关注;民族教育层面下儿童忽视率性别差异更小,学校与家庭教育应因地制宜,注重亲子参与。

Objective To understand the current situation and main causes of neglect of urban migrant children in three regions of Yunnan Province,so as to provide scientific basis for reducing neglect and formulating intervention measures effectively.Methods According to the economic and educational level and other factors,multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was adopted to select three areas of Kunming,Dali Prefecture and Lincang City were selected as the survey points from September to December 2020.A related survey was conducted among 1193 students by using the Constant Modulus Table of Neglect Evaluation of Urban Children and Adolescents in China.Results The total neglect rate of urban migrant children aged 6 to 11 in three regions of Yunnan Province was 40.7%(486/1193),of which the neglect rate of urban migrant children was 40.80%(393/963),the neglect rate of non-urban migrant children was 40.4%(93/230).The neglect rates of urban migrant boys at all levels were significantly higher than those of girls,of which the difference in safety level was statistically significant(χ^(2)=4.417,P<0.05).Except for medical treatment,the neglect rate of Han nationality was higher than that of ethnic minorities(χ^(2)=6.963,P<0.05),of which the differences in physical neglect and emotional neglect were significant(χ^(2)=6.963,6.850,P<0.05).Compared with rural children in Yunnan Province,left-behind children in rural China,and corresponding indicators of children in China,the neglect degree of urban migrant children in Yunnan Province was significantly lower(6-to 8-year-old children t=20.281,19.153,13.616,P<0.05;9-to 11-year-old children t=7.075,13.101,8.047,P<0.05).Conclusions Child neglect is less severe than what it was a decade ago,and the effects of relevant policies for migrant children are gradually emerging.The mode of family education has changed.The"involvement of parents in education"has gradually replaced"children working in cities with their parents"by"parents studying in cities with their children".However,the social integration and adaptation of young migrant children should be paid continuous attention.The gender gap in child neglect rates is smaller at the ethnic education level,and school and family education should be tailored to the local context and focus on parent-child participation.