外泌体在孤独症谱系障碍中的研究进展

Research progress of exosomes in autism spectrum disorder

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一类发病于儿童早期,以社会交往障碍和局限性重复行为为主要特征的广泛神经发育障碍性疾病。近几十年来,孤独症的患病率在全球范围内有明显的增长趋势并且缺乏特效治疗药,因此亟需灵敏度、特异度高的生物标志物和特定的治疗方案。外泌体(exosomes)是一种能够被中枢神经系统大多数细胞类型释放的纳米级囊泡,其内含有的RNA、蛋白质、脂质等生物活性大分子参与多种神经细胞间物质交换和信息交流,在调节神经发育、分化、再生以及突触形成中发挥重要作用。随着分子生物学的发展和诊断技术的提高,外泌体以其采集方便、结构稳定、其内大分子不易降解、可通过血脑屏障等优势,逐渐成为ASD研究的热点。根据已有研究报道外泌体与ASD发生发展有关,并可能作为ASD诊断标志物的重要来源及新型药物治疗运载体。本文综述ASD外泌体研究进展,为ASD早期诊断、临床治疗和预后判断提供参考。

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a typical form of pervasive developmental disorder characterized by social interaction and communication disorders,attention deficits,narrow interests,and repetitive/stereotypical behavior patterns.In recent decades,the prevalence rate of autism has been on the rise all over the world and there is a lack of specific treatments.Therefore,it is very urgent to search for sensitive and specific biomarkers and specific treatments.Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles that can be released by most cell types in the central nervous system.Bioactive macromolecules such as RNA,proteins and lipids in exosomes participate in the material exchange and information exchange of various nerve cells,and play an important role in the regulation of nerve development,differentiation,regeneration and synaptic regulation.With the development of molecular biology and the improvement of diagnostic technology,exosomes have gradually become the focus of ASD research due to their advantages of convenient collection,stable structure,easy degradation of macromolecules in exosomes and the ability to pass the blood-brain barrier.It has been reported that exosomes are related to the occurrence and development of ASD,and may be an important source of diagnostic markers for ASD and a new drug treatment carrier.This article reviews the research progress of exosomes in ASD,in order to provide reference for early diagnosis,clinical treatment and prognosis judgment of ASD.