礼貌原则视域下会话契约观研究——以外交话语为例

A Study of Conversational Contract View in the Perspective of Politeness Principle:An Analysis Based on Diplomatic Discourse

礼貌原则既是语用学研究的重要内容,也是语用学研究的重大成就。自布鲁斯·弗雷泽(Fraser,1990)提出礼貌研究四大范式(社会规约观、会话准则观、面子维护观和会话契约观)以来,礼貌原则的研究取得长足进步,但这四种范式没有得到平等对待,例如学界对前三种范式的研究较多,而忽视了会话契约观。本文以外交话语为研究语料,以相关问卷调查结果为数据支撑,考察会话契约观建构的认知过程,阐释会话契约观的权利义务协调准则、语境变量谈判准则、机构规范准则和契约礼貌准则,从而探析会话契约在外交话语中维护貌似不礼貌的礼貌所扮演的重要角色。

Politeness principle is not only an important content in pragmatic research,but also a significant achievement in the field.Since Fraser(1990)proposed the four approaches to politeness research(social norm view,conversational maxim view,face-saving view and conversational contract view),the research on the politeness principle has made great progress.However,these four paradigms are not treated equally.For example,there are many researches on the first three paradigms,while the academic circle ignores conversational contract view.This paper,taking diplomatic discourse as research corpus and the statistics from a questionnaire as data support,examines the cognitive process of constructing conversational contract principle,illustrates the maxim of rights and obligations coordination,context variable negotiation maxim,the maxim of institutional norms and contractual maxim on politeness principle,and sheds light on the significant role of conversational contract in maintaining seemingly impolite politeness in diplomatic discourse.