维德尔侯德与作为一种综合性范畴的价值

Wiederhold:Value as an Integrative Category

维德尔侯德致力于澄清被视为哲学体系的综合性范畴的“价值”概念。他根据不同的衡量标准,将价值的一般含义划分为五种类型,即快乐、惯例、功效、总体性与规范。通过梳理价值标准的哲学史,维德尔侯德发现,价值的前四种类型具有个人性和相对有效性,因而予以否定;在以洛采和李凯尔特为代表的价值哲学运动中,“规范价值”被视为哲学体系的构成性范畴。然而,二者最终都在价值理论的普遍有效性的论证中陷入了含混境地。维德尔侯德认为,应当将超越纯粹的主观性作为所有价值理论的终极目标,为所有价值找到一个能证明其绝对有效性的基础。在他看来,这个基础仅存在于经济学和心理学领域,价值不能成为哲学体系的构成性范畴。通过建立“批判性形而上学”,维德尔侯德最终提出了解决价值规范性问题的新方案。

Wiederhold aims at clarifying the concept“value”as an integrative category in a philosophical system.According to different standards,the general meaning of the term“value”is divided into five sub-forms,which are pleasure,convention,usefulness,totality and norm.Depending on the analysis of value standard in philosophy history,Wiederhold repudiates the first four sub-forms for their individuality and relative validity;in value-philosophical movement represented by Lotze and Rickert,he points out that the“norm-value”is regarded as a constitutive category of philosophical systems.However,both philosophers are driven into ambiguities in their argument for universal validity of value theory.According to Wiederhold,transcending mere subjectivity should be all value-theoretical ultimate goal so as to find a basis which can prove its absolute validity for values.In his opinion,the basis only resist in the fields of economics and psychology,and thus the term“value”cannot be constitutive category of a philosophical system.Finally,a“critical metaphysics”is provided as a new solution to normative value.