美国学科专业治理主体的作用与张力

The Roles and Tensions of Governing Bodies for Disciplines and Specialties in the USA

美国学科专业的治理,师生具有较大的话语权,董事会成员、校长及行政管理人员、院系负责人、政府、市场、学术组织、专业期刊、认证机构等校内外多个治理主体也都发挥了重要作用,具有共同治理的特征,但治理主体之间也呈现出矛盾和张力。我国即将启动新一轮学科专业目录调整,建议基于学科专业治理的视角深入思考,健全新时代中国特色学科专业体系。进一步加强政府对学科专业的引导和调整,强化国家宏观调控,优化省级统筹管理。继续对符合条件的高校开展学位自主审核放权,完善自主设置调整一级学科、新兴交叉学科和专业学位类别的机制,优化高校自主设置二级学科,规范高校自设学科的程序、统计与发布。高校应深化改革创新,加强自律和接受社会监督,充分发挥各个治理主体的作用。

In the United States,disciplines and specialties are co-governed by multiple bodies.While faculty and students have greater power of discourse,other governing bodies inside and outside of a university,including the board members of trustees,president and administrators,school deans and department heads,government,market,academic organizations,professional journals,and accrediting agencies,all play important roles.It appears the responsibilities of governance are shared,but conflicts and tensions among different governing bodies do exist.As China is embarking on a new round of adjusting the classification catalogue of disciplines and specialties,it is recommended that deep consideration is needed from the perspective of overall governance,so as to improve the discipline-and-specialty system with Chinese characteristics in the new era.As for the government,its guiding role shall be further strengthened;adjustment of classification catalogue shall be made timely and accordingly;its macro-control shall be upgraded;the provincial overall management shall be optimized.In addition,more autonomy shall be given to those qualified higher education institutions to conduct self-accreditation;the mechanism that allows higher education institutions to independently set up and adjust first-level disciplines,emerging cross-disciplines,and professional degree programs,and to independently set up secondlevel disciplines should be improved;procedures to independently set up disciplines,as well as data management and information release shall be regulated.As for the higher education institutions,they shall deepen reform and innovation,uphold self-discipline,embrace public supervision.Only in this way can all the governing bodies play their roles to the fullest.