地理学视角下“双碳”研究:主题、成效及展望

“Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality”Studies in Geosciences:Theme,Effects,and Prospects

实现“双碳”战略目标的科学基础主要在于深入且系统地理解地球环境系统和人类经济系统之间的相互作用关系。作为以人地系统为主要研究对象的地理学,在“双碳”研究及成果服务中发挥了重要作用。基于“学科分支—数据方法—研究对象—成果贡献”的思路,对2000年以来中国主流地理学期刊及学者发表的“双碳”文献进行回顾和总结后发现:①不同地理分支学科下“双碳”研究主题呈现多样性的特点,自然地理学侧重研究人为及自然碳源碳汇变化,人文地理学侧重分析碳排放时空分异格局及形成机理,信息地理学侧重构建高时空分辨率碳数据集及开发空间分析工具;②碳核算方法包括排放系数法、实际测量法和遥感估算法等,其数据源主要包括社会经济统计数据、遥感卫星监测数据以及新型地理感知数据等,地学分析模型主要用于描述碳源碳汇空间分布模式,预测空间过程及结果;③地理学视角下“双碳”研究对象分为空间对象和活动对象,前者关注微观、中观和宏观等不同尺度碳源碳汇的空间特征及规律,后者关注能源、工业、农业、土地利用变化及林业等活动产生的碳源碳汇的地理分布;④地理学对“双碳”的成果贡献出口主要包括地理空间分异规律的空间差异化低碳治理、“经济—社会—生态”复合系统的低碳国土空间格局优化、人地系统协调的区域低碳行为主体治理网络等。最后,从数据研发、方法模型、决策运用和全球语境等方面提出了地理学视角下未来“双碳”研究的方向,以期为更好地服务于“双碳”目标提供一定的借鉴和参考。

Carbon peaking and neutrality involve the interaction between the Earth’s natural environment and the human economic system,reflecting the coordinated development of the human-earth system.Geography,with the human-earth system at its research core,provides important theoretical support in studying carbon peaking and neutrality.Based on the goal-oriented thinking of“discipline branch-data method-research objectresult contribution”we reviewed and summarized the literature on carbon peaking and neutrality published by mainstream geography journals and scholars in China since 2000:①The research themes of carbon peaking and neutrality under different geography branches.Physical geography focuses on anthropogenic and natural carbon sources and changes in carbon sinks,focusing on the spatial and temporal variation of carbon emissions and the formation mechanism.Information geography focuses on constructing carbon datasets with high spatial and temporal resolution and developing spatial analysis tools.②Carbon accounting methods include the emission factor,actual measurement,input-output,and remote sensing estimation methods.Carbon data sources include socioeconomic statistics,remote-sensing satellite monitoring data,new data sources,and databases.Geographic analysis models were used to describe the spatial distribution patterns of carbon sources and sinks.③Carbon peaking and neutrality research from the perspective of geography are divided into spatial objects and activity objects,the former focusing on the spatial characteristics and patterns of carbon sources and sinks at different scales,such as micro,meso,and macro;the latter focusing on the geographical distribution of carbon sources and sinks generated by energy,industry,agriculture,land use change,and forestry activities.④Geography’s contribution to carbon peaking and neutrality includes spatial differentiation of low-carbon governance by the law of geospatial differentiation,low-carbon national land by the composite system of“economy-society-ecology,”spatial pattern optimization,and coordination of the human-earth system of the regional low-carbon actor governance network.Finally,future directions for carbon peaking and neutrality research from the perspective of geography are proposed in terms of data development,methodological models,decision-making,and global contexts to provide a reference for geography to serve the goals of carbon peaking and neutrality.