担保物权的法律构造:历史演进与体系整合

Legal Structure of Security Interest:Historical Evolution and System Integration

担保物权的法律构造存在权利移转型担保和权利设定型担保两种形态。前者为当事人通过移转财产所有权实现担保效果,后者是担保人为债权人在财产上直接设定限制性担保物权。纵观两大法系中担保物权的演进历史,权利移转型担保为担保物权的初级阶段,近代法典与判例法则确立了权利设定型担保与权利移转型担保二元并存的模式,后在美国担保法功能主义的影响下呈现出权利设定型担保一元化的趋势。《民法典》对担保物权法进行了不彻底的功能主义改造,形成了权利移转型担保与权利设定型担保并存的二元结构。在权利设定型担保尤其是抵押权制度趋于完备的基础上,权利移转型担保并无独立存在的空间。通过对担保物权的类型进行体系整合并借助准用规范进行规范统合,可消除二元结构下规范解释适用的张力,并为未来权利设定型担保的一元化发展奠定基础。

There are two types of legal structure in security interest which are title transfer financing and rights creation financing.The former constitutes a secured transaction by transferring title of property between parties and the latter for debtor is to create security interest for creditor directly.Throughout the history of evolution of security interest in both legal systems,the title transfer financing is original form of security interest.The modern civil code and case law confirmed the dual co-existence structure of title transfer financing and rights creation financing.Under the influence of functionalism in American security law,it showed a trend of unity model of rights creation financing.China's Civil Code carried out an incomplete functionalism transformation in security law and established the dual co-existence structure.On the basis that the rights creation financing,especially the mortgage system tends to be completed,there is no necessary for title transfer financing.By systematically integrating security interests and unifying rules with mutatis mutandis rules,the tension in interpretation and application of rules under dual structure could be eliminated and the foundation for the unity model of rights creation financing is laid.