类似性判断的失范与规范——以《民法典》第646条的适用为中心

The Anomie and Reshaping of Similar Judgements——From the Perspective of Article 646 of Civil Code of China

《民法典》第646条的实质是类推适用,关键在于类似性判断,类似性判断赋予法官过大的自由裁量权,可能使裁判陷入恣意和专断。通过对司法实践适用第646条的526个案例的梳理和分析,可以发现类似性判断失范现象比较严重,故规范类似性判断就成了重中之重。因此,从方法论的视角对第646条予以阐释和分析,进而提出适用该条的"四步法",最后以司法实例予以证成,则类似性判断不仅予以规范,而且以一种理性、可论证的方式予以规范。

The essence of Article 646 of the Civil Code is the application of analogy,and the key lies in the judgment of similarity,which gives judges too much discretionary power and may lead to arbitrary and capricious decisions.Through sorting out and analyzing the 526 cases in which Article 646 has been applied in judicial practice,it can be found that the phenomenon of similar judgments being out of line is relatively serious,so regulating similar judgments has become a top priority.Therefore,by interpreting and analyzing Article 646 from a methodological perspective,and then proposing a“four-step approach”to its application,and finally substantiating it with judicial examples,similarity judgments will not only be regulated,but also regulated in a rational and arguable manner.