吉田松阴的幕府观与伦理困境——兼论松阴非“倒幕论者”

The Shogunate View and Ethical Dilemma of Yoshida Shoin——on Shoin is not“a Person who Crusades Against the Shogunate”

德川时代日本的长州藩士、阳明学者吉田松阴始终持“敬而不尊”的幕府观,他以天皇为日本的最高统治者,但同时承认幕府在军事上对各藩国的统帅地位。吉田松阴对幕府有着攘夷的现实诉求,当幕府无心攘夷时,松阴就陷入了一种伦理困境之中:幕府对自身所属的长州藩有着长久以来的恩情,即便幕府有违天皇的攘夷旨意,身为藩士的松阴也无法转身倒幕,只能履行死谏的责任。即便幕府两次违敕,松阴也始终对此报以高度克制,其生前种种言行都为矫幕、谏幕而发,不以打倒幕府为最终目的。

During the Edo Period,Yoshida Shoin,a vassal of Choshu domain and scholar of Yangming,always held a shogunate view of“respect but not support”.He regarded the emperor of Japan as the suprerme ruler,but also recognized the shogunate's military position as the commander of all vassals.Yoshida Shoin had a realistic demand for the shogunate to fight against foreign countries.When the shogunate had no intention of fighting against foreign countries,Shoin fell into an ethical dilemma:the shogunate had a long standing favor towards Choshu domain,and even if the shogunate violated the emperor's will to fight against foreign countries,Shoin,as a vassal of Choshu domain,could not overthrow the shogunate,but could only fulfill his duty of persuasion until death.Even if the shogunate violated the enperor twice,Shoin always showed great restraint,His various words and actions during his lifetime were aimed at correcting and admonishing the shogunate,and ultimate goal was not to overthrow the shogunate.