性别·身体·媒介:赵竹光与健身健美文化在近代上海的传播(1930—1949)

Gender,Body and Media:Zhao Zhuguang and the Popularization of Bodybuilding Culture in Modern Shanghai(1930-1949)

近代中国社会的身体焦虑之下,改变衰弱的身体状态、达到普遍健康的目标成为知识分子和国人的迫切愿望,因此各式西式体育运动传入中国并逐步推广开来。20世纪30至40年代,赵竹光继承欧美健身健美运动的推广和锻炼经验,通过翻译书籍、创办报刊和组织培训在上海系统传播以徒手体操、器械运动、负重练习为主要锻炼形式的健身健美运动。他主张直接关注身体结构,以精确测量的形式审视身体部位和锻炼效果,并结合上海都市社会对两性身体的审美期待建构了符合社会性别规范的运动目标。赵竹光的推广实践不仅发出了唤醒身体意识、积极改造身体的倡议,而且使肌肉美、力量美、身体形态美成为评判男性身体美的指标,使健康、自然感、身材匀称等因素成为女性身体审美的指标,极大丰富和发展了都市社会市民群体的审美观。

Under the physical anxiety in modern China,changing the state of weakness and disease and achieving the goal of becoming healthy had become the most urgent desire of some intellectuals and Chinese people,which gave rise to continuous introduction of various sports from foreign countries.From the 1930s to 1940s,Zhao Zhuguang and his followers began to promote bodybuilding systematically with unarmned gymnastics,instrument sports and weight-bearing exercises.Through translating western professional books,founding magazines,and organizing training,he suggested those exercisers paying direct attention to their body parts and shape them with the empirical scientific system,Besides,in line with gender norms in moder Shanghai society,he constructed the sports goals with the aesthetic expectations towards men's and women's bodies.His practice awakened and promoted the exercisers self-consciousness of bodies and changed their bodies'order and belonging mode,which also made the beauty of muscle,strength and body shape become the standard to judge the beauty of male bodies,and the beauty of health,natural sense and body symmetry become the standard of female bodies aesthetics.In conclusion,all kinds of their practice had extremely enriched and developed the exerciser's aesthetic outlook.