中世纪欧洲城市运动与秩序:从城市革命到精英算计——兼对诺斯权利开放秩序理论进行纠正

Urban Movement and Order in Medieval Europe:From Urban Revolution to Elites Scheme——It also Corrects North's Theory of Open Access Order

诺斯等人所提出的权利开放秩序理论过分强调精英主义与和谐主义,同时也忽视了中世纪欧洲城市的市民自由和自治权利秩序生成的历史性意义。透过对中世纪城市市民权利诉求运动的需求、诉求与斗争过程等的分析,可以更为深切地认识到中世纪城市自治运动所展现的社会力量。而由其所引发的精英妥协、谋划甚至合作主要表现在封建领主主动建城等更功利的算计,从而形成与巩固城市自由与自治秩序。不过,这一处于雏形的权利开放秩序终究陷于精英的政治经济盘剥与控制而终结发展,最终被民族-国家秩序所“收编”。

The theory of open access order put forward by North and others overemphasizes elitism and harmonism,but also ignores the historical significance of civic freedom and autonomy rights order of European cities in the middle ages.Through analyzing the demand,appeal and struggle process of urban citizens'rights appeal movement in the middle ages,we can have a deeper understanding of the social power of the medieval urban autonomy movement.The compromise,planning and even cooperation of the elites resulted from the feudal lords'initiative to build towns and other more utilitarian schemes,thus forming and consolidating the order of urban freedom and autonomy.However,the open access order,which was still in its embryonic form,eventually fell into the political and economic exploitation and control of elites,and was finally“incorporated”by the nation-state order.