旅游因素与美国国家公园的兴起

Tourism and the Rise of the U.S.National Park

在美国国家公园兴起的历史进程中,旅游因素具有十分重要的作用。自然旅游活动的开展塑造了美国人的荒野审美意愿和审美能力,促使了国家公园思想在美国的起源和初步实践。倡导保护壮美的荒野景观作为“公园或游乐场”供国民旅游娱乐是19世纪末20世纪初最具共识性的国家公园观念,这种观念不仅推动了一系列国家公园建立,而且塑造了美国早期国家公园以旅游开发为中心的管理政策与实践。尽管美国国家公园的兴起受到多种因素的影响,但旅游因素是其中颇为重要的推动力量,其在美国早期国家公园建构中的历史作用值得深入探讨。

Tourism played a very important role in the historical process of the rise of national parks in the United States.The development of nature tourism has shaped the American people's willingness and ability to appreciate the beauty of wildemess landscapes,and promoted the origin and preliminary practice of the national park idea in the United States.It was the most common national park idea in the late 19th and early 20th century that advocated the protection of magnificent wilderness landscape as“park or pleasuring ground”for tourism and entertainment.This idea not only led to the creation of a series of national parks,but also shaped its management policy that centered on tourism development Although the rise of the U.S.national parks was influenced by many factors,tourism was an important leading one among them,and its historical role in the construction of early national parks in the United States deserves further discussion.