“上山下乡”运动成因再探究——处置过剩劳动力的视角

A Re-Examination on the Reasons of Rustication:Seen from the Perspective of Dealing with Surplus Labor

对于"上山下乡"成因的传统解释在逻辑上存在着较为严重的缺陷。从中国共产党处置城乡过剩劳动力的思想与实践这个视角出发去审视"上山下乡"运动,可以看到一副新的历史画面。新中国成立之时,城市和农村的劳动力过剩问题均十分突出。但在处理失业问题时,中国共产党采取了"先城市后农村"的策略。以毛泽东为核心的第一代领导集体普遍认为应该尽可能地把城市过剩劳动力转移到农村去从事农业生产,与此同时,农村的过剩劳动力应该尽可能地留在农村继续从事农业生产。基于这一总体思路,国家在前三十年里多次进行大规模的城市人口迁往农村的工作,并且建立起严密的户口制度以限制农村过剩劳动力流入城市。知识青年上山下乡运动是这套总体思路和总体方案之下的一个运动。从这个视角出发可以发现:政治因素对于"上山下乡"运动的影响很可能已经被严重地高估了,而传统的"解决城市就业困难"说也需要调整和完善。

Severe pitfalls exist in current explanations on the reason of rustication.Seen from the perspective of dealing with surplus labor,a brand new picture can be found.There were a great many surplus labors in both cities and the countryside in China when the CCP took control in 1949.The CCP took"cities first"approach in settling the jobless surplus labors.The CCP seemed to believe that surplus labors in cities should be sent to the countryside as many as possible while surplus labors in the countryside should stay in the countryside.Due to this belief,the CCP launched many waves of rustication campaigns and set up"huji"system to block rural surplus labor from migrating to cities.Seen in this way,it is not too off the mark to conclude that the political explanations are far-fetched while the economic explanations have to be improved.