治理自主性、族群结构与东南亚国家华人政策的差异性——基于泰国、印尼和马来西亚的比较研究

Governance Autonomy,Ethnic Structure and the Difference in Policies Towards Ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asian Countries:A Comparative Study Based on Thailand,Indonesia and Malaysia

当代东南亚各国的华人政策具有显著的差异性。这一现象植根于近现代殖民遗产的结构性原因,而治理自主性及族群结构则是导致政策差异的关键变量。具体而言,治理自主性决定了东南亚国家能否避免殖民政权对移民事务的支配,自主地协调与适应华人的移入;族群结构则决定了各族群在政治参与中可利用的物质基础和竞争杠杆。作为东南亚国家中的典型案例,泰国、印尼和马来西亚分别建构了“治理自主+单一族群主导”“治理不自主+单一族群主导”以及“治理不自主+多族群竞争”的模式,也相应生成了“温和同化”“严酷同化+区别”以及“温和同化+区别”的华人政策。当代东南亚国家的华人政策实际上反映了各新兴民族国家在建构过程中存在的普遍性困惑,不仅是关乎各民族国家建构、巩固与发展的重要议题,也是中国在推进同东南亚国家睦邻合作时不可忽视的因素。

There has been significant difference in the policies towards ethnic Chinese in contemporary Southeast Asian countries.Behind this phenomenon lies the structural cause from modern colonial heritage,in which governance autonomy and ethnic structure are the key variables that lead to the policy difference.Specifically,governance autonomy determines whether Southeast Asian countries can avoid the dominance of colonial regimes over immigration affairs,so as to autonomously coordinate and adapt to the immigration of Chinese;ethnic structure determines the material basis and competitive leverage for ethnic groups in political participation.As typical cases of Southeast Asian countries,Thailand,Indonesia and Malaysia can be categorized as the models of“autonomous governance+single ethnic dominance”,“dependent governance+single ethnic dominance”and“dependent governance+multi-ethnic competition”.Accordingly,their policies towards ethnic Chinese are shaped into“moderate assimilation”,“rigorous assimilation+discrimination”and“moderate assimilation+discrimination”.At present,the policies towards ethnic Chinese and ethnic relations of Southeast Asian countries have created both opportunities and challenges for the cooperation of BRI.It is of great importance for China to accurately understand the role of ethnic Chinese in the local relations between state and society,in order to optimize the cooperation plans and enhance the cooperation effectiveness.