莫高窟北区B53窟出土元代呈状成文年代再考——兼商榷B53窟的使用年代下限

Textual Research on the Lawsuit Documents of the Yuan Dynasty Found in Cave B53 at Mogao——Plus a Discussion on the Final Historical Uses of Cave B53

以往学界将莫高窟北区出土B53:16呈状文书中的"至元三十年"视为文书的成文年代,但该年款只是这件呈状所照得某件公文的年款,并非其成文年款。根据文书中"本路同知小云赤不花"在亦集乃路任同知的年代推测,本件呈状的年代应在大德六年到大德十一年(1302—1307)之间,这意味着洪水淹没莫高窟北区第一、二层石窟,使得B53窟废弃的年代至迟应在14世纪之初,而非13世纪末。文书所见沙州路总管府籴粮之事,或许与接济豳王出伯平乱战争中俘获的人口有关。

The"thirtieth year of the Zhiyuan era"in manuscript B53∶16,a lawsuit document found in the northern area of Mogao,has previously been regarded as the date during which the manuscript was written.This is,in fact,the date of another legal document referenced by this manuscript.The"Shazhou Tongzhi Sio’unsiBuqa"recorded in the slip provides a clue for dating.The official Sio’unsiBuqa was appointed to the position of"Tongzhi(an official title)"of the Ejin in 1307,indicating that the above manuscript was likely written in the years between 1302 and 1307.It can further be deduced that the first and second levels of the northern area caves were so flooded that cave B53 was abandoned at the beginning of the 14 th century,rather than the end of the 13 th century as previously supposed.The incidents of the Shazhou government buying grain recorded in the manuscript may have been intended as pecuniary aid for the prisoners captured by Lord Bin when he put down rebellions in northwest.