日本培育“专精特新”企业的产业政策研究:以《机振法》为中心

Research on the Industrial Policy of Japan’s Cultivation of “Specialized, Refined, Special, and Novel” Enterprises: Centered on the “Act on the Promotion of Mechanical Industry”

“专精特新”是指具备专业化、精细化、特色化、新颖化优势的中小企业,在工业领域里起完善产业链、解决关键核心技术“卡脖子”问题的重要作用。第二次世界大战后,日本因实施《机振法》等产业政策而在资本品部门里培育了一批“专精特新”企业,使日本工业至今能保持某些核心竞争力。《机振法》的出台具有总体战体制的色彩,是对美国占领军推动的反垄断法的反制,但不具备强制性,而是以企业和市场为中心展开。《机振法》的主要内容是帮助中小企业融资,但以企业技改为要求,因此契合相关中小企业向“专精特新”企业演化的条件。从机制上看,《机振法》是现代重商主义与企业自立创新的融合,其启发在于,产业政策应解决中小企业的融资和技改等关键问题,使有市场进取心的企业能脱颖而出。

“Zhuan Jing Te Xin”refers to small and medium-sized enterprises with the advantages of specialization,refinement,specialty,and novelty,which play an important role in improving the industrial chain and solving the“bottleneck”problem of key and core technologies in the industrial field.After the Second World War,the implementation of industrial policies such as the“Act on the Promotion of Mechanical Industry”in Japan cultivated a number of“specialized,refined,special,and novel”enterprises in the sector of capital goods,so the Japanese industry can still maintain some core competitiveness.The introduction of the“Act on the Promotion of Mechanical Industry”was a kind of total war system.It was a countermeasure against the antitrust law promoted by the occupying forces of the United States,but it was not mandatory.Instead,it focused on enterprises and the market.The main content of the“Act on the Promotion of Mechanical Industry”is to help small and mediumsized enterprises with financing,with the prerequisite of the technical transformation of enterprises,so it fits the conditions of the evolution of relevant small and mediumsized enterprises to“specialized,refined,special,and novel”enterprises.From the perspective of mechanism,the act is the integration of modern mercantilism and independent innovation of enterprises.Its inspiration is that industrial policy should solve the key problems of financing and technological transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises so that outstanding enterprises can stand out.