统一保卫自由——论孙中山的大国共和构想

United for Freedom:A Large Republic Conceived by Sun Yat-sen

联邦制能够实现主权意义上的"合众为一"吗?它需要什么样的现实条件?对于这一系列问题,孙中山无疑是一个绕不过去的人物。一方面,作为一个在美国接受基础教育、在美国生活过多年的人,孙中山对于美国的历史和政治具有深刻的理解,他能够破除对于美国的"偶像崇拜",并以理性和中立的态度审视联邦制在美国的优劣。另一方面,作为一个政治家和革命家,孙中山对于中国的处境和命运无疑有着切实的把握,因而其对于大国共和命题的思考,也往往能够做到因地制宜。因此,本文将以孙中山对于联邦制的思考作为文章的主线,透过他的视角回答联邦制在中国所面临的困难所在,进而剖析其联邦制理论本身存在的矛盾。

Can the federal system bring about"e pluribus unum"in terms of sovereignty?What are the necessary conditions?Sun Yat-sen is the key to answering these questions.On the one hand,as someone who spent formative years in the United States,Sun Yat-sen had deep understanding of American history and politics,he was able to look at the federal system not through rose-tinted glasses,but see its pros and cons in a rational and neutral way.On the other hand,as a politician and reformer,Sun Yat-sen had intimate knowledge of China’s situation and direction,so he wasable to adapt the concept of a big republic to national and local conditions.This paper traces Sun Yat-sen’s thoughts on the federal system,and tries to point out the difficulties in implementing such a system in China from Sun’s perspective,while analyzing the contradictions in his concept of a federal republic.Only then can we truly understand China’s choice of political system.