秦汉时期都官的考古学观察

Archaeological Observations on Duguan During the Qin and Han Dynasties

以往的秦汉都官研究对考古资料重视不足,致使相关研究聚讼颇多。秦汉时期的手工业遗址、官署印章和封泥等考古资料都是都官问题的重要研究资料。结合以上资料可以发现,都官的空间位置既可以位于城邑中,也可以位于城邑之外;都官和离官的关系并非都乡与离乡的关系,不存在城乡差别;“都”指京都,都官是中央官府下辖官署及其派驻地方的机构,离官是其分支机构;都官虽然和县平级,但是没有治民权,不是地方行政机构,部分设有都官的地区可以被规划为县级行政单位。考古资料为秦汉都官研究提供了一些新的认识,考古与历史的综合研究不仅可以更好地阐释史实,还可以凸显考古工作的价值。

The previous study of Duguan in the Qin and Han Dynasties did not pay enough attention to archaeological materials,resulting in a lot of disputes.Archaeological materials,such as handicraft sites and mud seals are important research materials of the Duguan issue.Combined with the above information,it can be found that the spatial location of Duguan could be located in the city or outside the city;The relationship between Duguan and Liguan is not that between Duxiang and Lixiang,and there is no difference between urban and rural areas;The meaning of“Du”"is the capital city;Duguan is an office under the central government and its local agency,while Liguan is its branch;Although Duguan is at the same level as county,it do not have civil rights and is not local administrative institutions;Some areas with Duguan can be planned as county-level administrative units.Archaeological materials has provided some new insights for the study of Duguan in the Qin and Han Dynasties.The comprehensive study of archaeology and history can not only better explain historical facts,but also highlight the value of archaeological work.