龙山文化农业生产管理模式研究——来自两城镇遗址的植硅体证据

Study on the Production and Management Mode of Agriculture in Longshan Culture:Phytolith Evidence From Liangchengzhen Site

本文对两城镇遗址居住区灰坑中的植硅体进行了定性与定量分析,以此讨论该聚落农业生产可能的管理模式。植硅体形态组合可以指示发生在聚落内的作物加工活动,也能反映作物生长环境中的水分条件。结果显示,居住在丘陵地带的两城镇龙山文化居民种植的可能是旱稻,稻谷的收获与加工经历了由集中粗加工到分散粗加工再回归集中粗加工的变化过程,而粟和黍分散加工的趋势从早到晚变得更加明显。结合聚落形态、石器、炭化植物遗存等研究成果,我们认为:(1)旱稻种植表明人类适应丘陵环境,也可能揭示了两城镇聚落内的阶层划分;(2)稻在两城镇比粟和黍具有更重要的地位,稻加工方式的变化可能反映了聚落内部存在一定程度的劳动力组织管理模式,即在大型工程建设(如挖壕沟、筑城墙)期间尽量调动足够多的劳动力,而其他时候居民可能有更多的自由发展的空间,这可能反映了聚落精英阶层对于社会管理比较宽松,使得聚落内部不同人群之间关系比较和谐。

This article has conducted qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoliths in the ash pits of residential areas in the Liangchengzhen Site,in order to discuss the possible management models for agricultural production in this settlement.Phytosilica morphology combinations can indicate crop processing activities occurring within a settlement,and can also reflect the water conditions in the crop growth environment.The results show that residents of Longshan Culture in Liangchengzhen living in hilly areas may planted rice in dry fields,and the harvesting and processing of rice had undergone a process of changing from centralized rough processing to decentralized rough processing and retuming to centralized rough processing,while the trend of decentralized processing of millet had become more evident.Based on the research results of settlement morphology,stone tools,and carbonized plant remains,we believe that(1)rice cultivation indicated that humans adapted to hilly environments,and might also reveal the hierarchical division within the settlements in Liangchengzhen;(2)Rice played a more important role than millet in Liangchengzhen.The changes in rice processing methods may reflect the existence of a certain degree of labor organization and management mode within the settlement.