前工业化的市场和市场行为:考古学视角

Preindustrial Market and Marketing:Archaeological Perspectives

市场是当代的关键机构,但是关于其历史或多样性,人们并没有达成共识。更为复杂的是,不同学科对市场都有各自的研究,但这些学科往往从完全相反的角度看待这种交换系统的性质,这就阻碍了跨学科的对话。本文回顾了前工业化时代市场的发现、发展和重要性方面的理论与方法问题。我们既质疑市场行为是自然发生的看法,也质疑市场交换是现代资本主义环境所特有的观点。这两个认识框架均未能认识到,过去和现在的市场活动都根植于其更大的社会背景中——尽管其存在方式不同,我们只有通过广泛共享的理论视角进行研究才能予以理解。我们分析了前工业化市场的起源、变化及其多样性,呼吁采用多尺度、跨学科的方法来研究这一经济制度的长时段历史。

Markets are key contemporary institutions,yet there is little agreement concerning their history or diversity.To complicate matters,markets have been considered by different academic disciplines that approach the nature of such exchange systems from diametrically opposed perspectives that impede cross-disciplinary dialogue.This paper reviews the theoretical and methodological issues surrounding the detection,development,and significance of markets in the preindustrial past.We challenge both the view that marketing is natural and the perspective that market exchange is unique to modern capitalist contexts.Both of these frameworks fail to recognize that past and present market activities are embedded in their larger societal contexts,albeit in different ways that can be understood only if examined through a broadly shared theoretical lens.We examine the origins,change,and diversity of preindustrial markets,calling for multiscalar,cross-disciplinary approaches to investigate the long-term history of this economic institution.