高校学位撤销权的法律规制

Legal Restrictions on Degree Revocation Right of Universities

学位既是专业知识的等级证明,又是社会个体学习和学术研究经历的记载和评价,同时还具有社会荣誉的属性。由于学位条例等对撤销学位规定的过于原则,加之学界对学位撤销的类型化研究不足,导致对学位撤销的法律定性认识不统一。学位存在因学籍不成立、学术不端、未达到培养标准和违反社会道德或学术荣誉等多种原因而被撤销的情形,上述撤销情形对应的撤销权具有三元属性,即教学管理权延伸出的撤销权、学术评价权力延伸出的撤销权和基于学术荣典而产生的撤销权。教学管理权延伸出的撤销权属于纠错性质的学位撤销,学术评价性撤销权和学术荣誉褫夺性撤销权则在大多数情况下属于废止性的学位撤销,属于学术惩戒的范畴。信赖利益保护原则难以作为学位撤销权的有效约束标准,除信赖利益保护原则外,学位撤销应当受到比例原则和不当联结禁止原则的约束。

The degree is not only the grade certificate of professional knowledge,but also the record and evaluation of individual’s learning and academic research experience,and also has the attribute of social honor.Due to the"Degree Regulations"and other provisions on the revocation of the degree lack of strict limits,coupled with insufficient academic research on the classification of degree revocation,the understanding of the nature of the degree revocation is not unified.A degree may be revoked due to a variety of reasons,such as invalid student status,academic misconduct,failure to meet training standards and violation of social morality or academic honor.The revocation right corresponding to these revocation situations has three attributes,namely,the revocation right extending from the right of teaching management,and the academic evaluation,and also the revocation right arising from the academic honor.The nature of the revocation right extended from the teaching management right belongs to error correction,while the revocation right of academic evaluation and attainder of academic honor in most cases belong to the category of annulment of academic degree and academic punishment.The principle of trust interest protection is difficult to be taken as the effective constraint standard of degree revocation,and degree revocation should be restricted by the principle of proportion and the prohibition principle of improper connection.