基因编辑之刑法规制及其限度

Criminal Regulation of Gene Editing and Its Limits

刑法管制是基因法学的精选元素,涉及多重利益衡量,标签化理解基因编辑,会造成刑法规制基因编辑的观念性谬误,基因编辑使用具有双重困境:既有利于改进民众健康,也会导致生物安全风险,从而给立法带来难题。现代法律面对基因编辑风险时,不能单一强调风险收益与风险负担之平衡的风险正义,而是需要考量基因编辑技术导致的公共安全、人体健康风险。基因编辑固然与科研自由有关,但同时涉及公共利益,有损国家利益、公共安全与人体健康的基因编辑应被禁止,基因编辑仅为滥用生物科技行为的类型之一,刑法应有前瞻性地增设滥用科技罪这一类型性罪名,而不是只对基因编辑规定相关具体性罪名,并从刑法的谦抑性出发对该罪设置行政前置性要件。

The regulation of criminal law over gene editing involves multiple interests measurement.Gene editing has double use dilemma,which is not only conducive to improving public health,but also leads to biosafety risks,thus bringing difficulties to legislation.When facing the risk of gene editing,modern law can not only emphasize the risk justice of the balance between risk income and risk burden,but also need to consider the public safety and human health risks caused by gene editing technology.Gene editing is related to the freedom of scientific research,but it is also related to the public interest,Gene editing,which is harmful to national interests,public safety and human health,should be banned.Gene editing is only one of the types of abusing biotechnology.The criminal law should add the crime of abusing science and technology in a forward-looking way,instead of only stipulating the relevant specific charges for gene editing,and set up the prerequisite of administration for the crime from the perspective of the modesty of the criminal law.