论人工智能的法律人格制度需求与多层应对

The Needs and Solutions of Artificial Intelligence’s Legal Personality under Intelligent Social Governance

人工智能的法律人格需求是伴随着自动化技术的发展而产生的,是智能社会治理中许多具体问题都会触及的理论假设。自1992年人工智能法律人格设想被首次提出以来,它成为理论研究、立法建议和司法实践中普遍关注的话题,人工智能生成物的著作权归属、人工智能担任人类工作角色和欧洲的立法动议更促进了这一问题的讨论。人工智能的法律人格具有多维度的需求。既包括明确侵权责任、塑造权利能力等具体需求,也包括以构建社会治理新范式为目标的根本需求。不能简单地从概念上直接排除人工智能具有法律人格的可能性,也不能认为授予法律人格是唯一或者更佳的解决办法。人工智能法律人格是智能社会发展中新型治理模式的选项,以功能主义的态度来进行解释论或立法论的探讨是看待人工智能法律人格问题的正确视角,可以分别按照财产、类推适用代理、借用公司或财产法人、设立新的法律主体等方式回应人工智能带来的法律问题和挑战。即便不设立新的法律人格,在人工智能的侵权责任、合同缔约程序、代理关系认定等方面也需要作出必要的补充规定。

With the development of automation technology,artificial intelligence’s legal personality is being discussed in the theoretical hypothesis,legislative proposals,and judicial practice,especially after Professor Lawrence Solum first raised the issue of AI’s legal personality in 1992.Three aspects of events further promoted the discussion of this issue:the copyright of AI’s creative work,the role of AI in traditional human work and the legislative motions of the EU.The legal personality of AI is designed to respond to multi-dimensional needs,including the specific needs of clarifying the tort liability,shaping the robot’s legal capacity,and the fundamental needs of building a new paradigm of social governance.We can’t absolutely exclude the possibility that AI should have legal personality,and we can’t undoubtedly be presumed that granting legal personality to AI is the only choice or better solution.AI’s legal personality is an option of new governance model in the development of intelligent society,we should design the legal personality of AI with the attitude of functionalism for better governance of society.We can respond to the legal problems and challenges brought by AI according to the corresponding ways,treat it as property,application of civil agency rules or traditional legal person model,establishing a new legal subject,etc.Even if no new legal personality is recognized,necessary supplementary provisions should be made in the aspects of tort liability,contracting procedure,and agent rules for AI.