汉语复合构词的能产性变化——以[X+衣]_(N)构词式为例

Productivity Changes of Chinese Compounding:A Case Study of[X+yi(衣)]_(N) Construction

汉语复合构词具有能产性。本文基于词的模式,以构式词法的理论为基础,以复合构词式[X+衣]_(N)为例,考察了不同时期样本语料中例频率、类频率、单频词数、P值的变化,比较样本语料中实际成词数和潜在构词力的变化,由此探讨汉语复合构词的能产性变化问题。本文主要在以下四方面进行了探索:一是采取多种能产性的计量方法,对汉语复合构词问题进行综合研究;二是探讨构词图式用于构造新词时的潜能,将那些语义结构透明、出现频率低的多词单位纳入构式词法中进行讨论,不严格区分词与短语的界限;三是凸显词汇演变具有可预测性的一面;四是在考察汉语构造新词的过程中比较注重语义因素。

Chinese constructs new words mainly by compounding,which is productive.However,how to measure the productivity changes of Chinese compounding in different historical periods is rarely involved in previous studies.In addition,most of the previous researches on Chinese compound words are based on morphemes,while the word-based models are relatively few.Based on the word-based model and the theory of construction morphology,this paper takes the compounding of[X+yi(衣)]_(N) as the case study to investigate the type frequency,token frequency and hapax legomena in the sample corpus of different periods.By comparing the actual number of words and the potential power of word formation in the sample corpus,this paper discusses the productivity change of Chinese compounding.The results show that from the pre-Qin to the Western Han Dynasty,[X+yi]_(N(form)) is the most productive schema,but the actual types and tokens of words are not numerous;from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty,the actual types and tokens of words coined by[X+yi]_(N(form)) are the largest in number,but the most productive schema is[X+yi]_(N(function));from the Tang and Song Dynasties on,the most productive schema is[X+yi]_(N(function)),and the actual types and tokens of words are from[X+yi]_(N(function));in Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties,all the data distribution being consistent,and the most productive schema being still the[X+yi]_(N(function));in modern Chinese,the productivity of[X+yi]_(N(function)) as a whole began to weaken.This paper attempts to apply the new perspective and new method of morphology to the research of Chinese vocabulary evolution,mainly in the following four aspects:1)To take a variety of productivity measurement for comprehensive research.2)To explore the potential of the lexical schema based on the paradigmatic relation for the construction of new words.The multi-word units with transparent semantic structure and low frequency of occurrence is included in the construction morphology for discussion,and the boundary between words and phrases is not strictly distinguished.3)To highlight the predictability of vocabulary evolution.4)To pay attention to the semantic factors in the construction of Chinese neologisms.