马克思主义与精神分析的双重关联:阿尔都塞的尝试及其得失

The Double Relation between Marxism and Psychoanalysis:Althusser's Attempt and Limits

在阿尔都塞看来,马克思主义与精神分析在理论建构上具有一定的关联性,主要体现在革命性、科学性两个维度。首先,马克思和弗洛伊德都主张并倡导了对传统意识哲学和心理学范式进行挑战的理论内容和方法,是一种与社会革命伴行的“理论革命”;其次,这种革命性同样具备着科学性的导向,即无论马克思和弗洛伊德都要通过尽可能“实事求是”的方法论原则,回到具体的现实之中来研究各自理论的实际对象。借助阿尔都塞的思想对精神分析学同马克思主义进行对比分析不仅有助于对阿尔都塞理论“难题性”的进一步把握,其得失的考察与批判同样有利于马克思主义哲学的当代创新。

In Althusser's view,Marx as the founder of historical materialism and Freud as the founder of psychoanalysis,their theories are similar to a large extent.Through the interpretation of Althusser's relevant texts,we can find that the similarity is mainly reflected in two dimensions:revolutionary and scientific.First of all,Marx and Freud both advocated the theoretical content and methodology that challenged the traditional philosophy and psychology.Besides the social revolution,it can be regarded as a“theoretical revolution”similar to the scientific and technological revolution.Secondly,the“revolution”occurred in the two theories is also scientifically oriented,that is,both Marx and Freud wanted to return to the concrete reality to study the actual objects of their theories through the methodology principle of“seeking truth from facts”as much as possible.The contrastive analysis of psychoanalysis and Marxism with the help of Althusser's thought is not only conducive to further understanding and reflection of the“problematic”(problematique)of Althusser and its limits,but also conducive to the contemporary innovation of Marxist theory.