发达资本主义条件下的阶级分析:霍克海默的“帮会理论”

Class Analysis under the Condition of Developed Capitalism:Max Horkheimer’s Racket-Theory

霍克海默的帮会理论对理解西方马克思主义中的主体问题具有重要意义。法兰克福学派面对20世纪30年代前后资本主义的最新发展变化所进行的国家资本主义研究,和美国工人运动在当时的特殊情况,是帮会理论形成的理论和现实背景。帮会理论是对经典马克思主义理论中阶级理论的推进,它揭示了发达资本主义条件下工人运动转变为垄断性的保守力量,帮会在本质上从属于发达资本主义的统治结构,而这种统治结构的内在逻辑即自我保存原则,帮会的这些特征决定了无产阶级革命性的丧失和联合的不可能。帮会理论在新的历史条件下推进了马克思主义的阶级理论,构成了法兰克福学派政治经济学理论与哲学、文化研究之间的社会理论和政治理论的中介。但霍克海默对马克思主义政党理论的拒斥及其与实践的距离,导致了帮会理论必然坠入悲观主义的困境之中。

Max Horkheimer’s Racket-Theory is of great significance for understanding the issue of subject in Western Marxism.The Frankfurt School’s research on national capitalism in the face of the latest developments and changes of capitalism around the 1930 s and the special circumstances of the American labor movement at that time are the theoretical and realistic background for the formation of Racket-Theory.The Racket-Theory is the advancement of the class theory in the classic Marxist theory.It reveals that the labor movement under the conditions of developed capitalism has transformed into a monopolistic conservative force.The racket is essentially subordinate to the ruling structure of developed capitalism;the internal logic of the structure is the principle of self-preservation.These characteristics of the racket determine the loss of the proletariat’s revolutionary nature and the impossibility of union.The Racket-Theory promoted the Marxist class theory under the new historical conditions,and constituted the social and political theory intermediary between the Frankfurt School’s political economy theory and philosophy and cultural studies.However,Max Horkheimer’s rejection of Marxist party theory and the distance from revolutionary practice have caused the Racket-Theory to inevitably slip into the predicament of pessimism.