作为肯定性生命政治的免疫共同体范式——罗伯托·埃斯波西托与生命政治的未来

Immunized Community as Affirmative Bio-politics:Roberto Esposito and Future of Bio-politics

埃斯波西托的生命政治思想在承袭了福柯和阿甘本的生命政治的理论基础上,探索了让共同体得以成立和维持的机制。在埃斯波西托看来,共同体并不是建立在预先设定的共同善的理念和公意基础上,也不是基于之前的共同日常生活基础,而是建立在共同负债和亏欠的munus。不过,为了维持共同体的存在,在共同体之中必须形成将具有资格的成员和不正当的人区别开来的规范,并防止他者破坏共同体存在的免疫机制。不过在福柯和阿甘本那里,免疫机制太过消极和负面,无法为未来共同体提供正面积极的价值,而埃斯波西托强调,在共同体的免疫机制中实际上可以产生一种肯定性的生命政治,让免疫机制成为一种让共同体与他者共生的生命政治,这样,生命政治将从凌驾在生命之上的政治变成属于生命的政治,从而为未来共同体提供有效的范式。

As an inheritance from bio-political theory of Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben,Esposito explored the preconditions for community.In his view,the community is neither constituted on the base of idea of common good and general will,nor on experience preceded ordinary life,but on the munus for all as common debt and lack.However,for surviving the community,there should be normative rules to separate the qualified from the improper,and a immunity apparatus against any destitution of community.In Foucault and Agamben,however,the immunity apparatus are too negative and depressive,on the contrary,Esposito convincingly suggested that there will become an affirmative bio-poliotics from it on which it is possible for the co-existence between community and others.Therefore,in respective of bio-politics,that will transit from politics over life to politics of life,which pave the way for future community.