“享乐”的悖论及其出路——从审美批判的变迁出发的一个思考

The Paradox of “Enjoyment” and its Outlet——A Consideration from the Transition of Aesthetic Critique

满足感官和感觉需要的享乐在马尔库塞那里被阐发为一种解放的元素。享乐构成了马克思所说的国民经济学这门关于勤劳和禁欲的科学的反面。就此而言,享乐具有了革命的意义,这种革命的意义以审美和艺术的形式展开。然而今天,享乐是有了,革命却没有,非但没有,享乐还与革命的对象即马尔库塞所说的既存的现实和秩序发生了反革命的共谋。詹明信在其后现代理论中提出的取代崇高的优美亦即装饰性的美对此给出了解释。这种被大众消费的美产生了平均的享乐。作为结果,享乐的革命意义逐渐消退,而它的反革命意义逐渐呈现,这同时也是否定性艺术被装饰性艺术所取代的过程。在移动互联网时代的今天,获得平均享乐的最通常方式就是划开界面的手势。手势是在目欲享乐的驱使下划开界面的。这种集中于视觉上的享乐更接近从艺术作品中获得的享乐。但是,目欲不仅指向美的对象,而且指向享乐的分享。分享透露了目欲的另一面,亦即欲求他人对看的欲求。这种对欲求的欲求被科耶夫描述为人的欲求,其实质是人作为人的个体得到他者的承认。在手势划开的界面中,平均享乐以及网络暴露和搞怪作秀构成了一端,而寻求承认并满足交往的需要则构成了另一端。后者是享乐的悖论的出路。

The enjoyment which can satisfy man’s sensual and sensuous needs was interpreted by Marcuse as something emancipatory.It becomes the opposite of the political economy which,according to Marx,is both a science of marvelous industry and that of asceticism.In this regard,the enjoyment was revolutionary in the form of aesthetics and art.However,there is only enjoyment but no revolution today.Moreover,the enjoyment conspires with the object of revolution,that is,the existing reality and order.This is explained in Jameson’s theory that the sublime has been replaced by the beautiful or the decorative.The beautiful consumed by the mass results in the average enjoyment.Therefore,the enjoyment changes from revolutionary to counterrevolutionary as the negative art is replaced by the decorative one gradually.In the era of mobile internet,it is often the case that we get the average enjoyment at a simple movement of the hand on the interface.Such movement is driven by the desire for the pleasure of the eyes.And the pleasure of the eyes is close to the enjoyment in art.This pleasure involves not only the beautiful object but also the sharing of enjoyment.The sharing of enjoyment shows the desire for another desire for seeing.Such desire is described by Kojeve as human desire which means that man seeks to be recognized by the other as a human individual.There are two phases in the interface opened by the movement of the hand:one is the average enjoyment and the other is the need for company,association and conversation.And the latter is the outlet of the paradox of enjoyment.