马克思希望如何制作理论?——“政治经济学的方法”一节的开端

How Does Marx Expect to Work on Theory?——The Beginning of “The Method of Political Economy”

"政治经济学的方法"一节在马克思的《<政治经济学批判>导言》中具有显著的理论意义。在这个片段中,马克思以澄清理论制作的方法而非说明思维的特性作为开端。首先,在思想的各类规定的次序上,他将从抽象上升到具体的方法视为"在科学上正确的方法",并且合理地评估了以往的政治经济学的经验主义的方法(从表象上升到抽象的方法)。他并未提及任何"从具体上升到抽象的方法"。然后,在实在与既定的思想的关系上,他批判了黑格尔哲学的方法的唯心主义,反对在运用从抽象上升到具体的方法时,糅合思想的逻辑过程与真实的历史运动。把握这个部分也有利于人们理解其他与马克思的方法有关的论述。

It is of theoretical significance that"The Method of Political Economy"in Marx’s Grundrisse.To clarify the method for"work of theory"is the beginning of the segment,rather than to illustrate some characteristics of thinking.Here Marx firstly regards the method of rising from the abstract to the concrete as"the scientifically correct method",and rationally estimates the empiricist method of previous political economy i.e.of rising from presentation(Vorstellung)to the abstract,on the order of determinations in thought.He never mentions"the method of rising from the concrete to the abstract".Secondly,Marx criticizes the idealism of the method in Hegel’s philosophy on the relation between the real(das Reale)and given thought,which confuses the logic of thought and actual history.To grasp this segment can also help understanding other discussions on Marx’s method.