经济增长效率机制与社会福利共享机制均衡的结构性分析——资本课税与劳动课税的最优税制结构

Structural Analysis of the Equilibrium Between the Efficiency Mechanism of Economic Growth and the Sharing Mechanism of Social Welfare——Optimal Tax Structure for Taxation of Capital and Taxation of Labor

税收和社会保障通过实现社会资源在个体或企业与政府或公共部门之间的双向配置,成为调节收入分配的重要机制。在经济增长效率提升的同时,是否存在最优的税收与社会保障收支结构,降低此过程中收入差距逐渐拉大的境况?基于此,本文采用两期代际交叠(OLG)模型的基本分析架构,以政府公共支出的消费性与生产性为切入点,将资本课税与劳动课税的最优税制结构作为结合点,分析了经济增长效率机制与社会福利共享机制的均衡性问题。本文首先建立了理论演绎模型,并结合中国2011—2017年的省级面板数据进行了实证检验。实证结果显示,如果以社会福利公平性为目标,最优的课税结构应是偏向对生产主体的资本进行课税,且最优的课税率为公共支出弹性;若以经济增长效率最大化为目标,最优的课税结构依然是偏向对生产主体的资本进行课税,这时,最优的课税率为生产当事人所拥有的资本水平的产出弹性;从社会福利角度来看,如果社会个体以获得社会福利最优化,并以消费的形式获得自身效用最大化,最优的课税结构由OLG模型中的内生性参数所决定。基于动态模拟检验结果,对资本进行课税应是最优选择。

Taxation and social security are essential mechanisms for regulating income distribution in contemporary societies by allocating social resources between individuals or enterprises and the government or public sectors.Is there an optimal tax and social security revenue and expenditure structure to reduce the progressively increasing income disparity in the process of increasing economic growth efficiency?Based on this,this paper adopts the basic analytical framework of the Overlapping Generation Model(OLG),takes the attributes of consumption and production of government public expenditure as the starting point,takes the optimal tax structure of taxing capital and taxing labor as the combination point,and analyzes the equilibrium between the efficiency mechanism of economic growth and the sharing mechanism of social welfare.This paper first establishes a theoretical deductive model and empirically tests it with China’s provincial panel data from 2011 to 2017.The empirical results show that if the objective is social welfare fairness,the optimal tax structure should be biased towards taxing the capital of the producing parties,and the optimal tax rate is the public expenditure elasticity;if the objective is maximizing economic growth efficiency,the optimal tax structure is still biased towards taxing the capital of the producing parties,but the optimal tax rate is the output elasticity of the level of capital owned by the producing parties;from the scale of social welfare,the optimal tax structure is determined by the endogenous parameters of the OLG model if individuals in society aim to obtain optimal social welfare and to maximize their utility in the form of consumption.Based on the results of dynamic simulation tests,taxing the capital is the best choice.