产品市场竞争与知识溢出如何影响企业研发?——基于多维空间邻近的实证识别

How do product market competition and knowledge spillover affect enterprise R&D? An empirical identification based on multi-dimensional proximity

企业研发是中国建设创新型国家的重要微观基础。在高质量发展背景下,深入研究影响企业研发决策的关键因素显得极为重要。企业间研发竞合模式是产业组织领域备受关注的话题,其核心认知是企业的研发决策被外界企业研发所带来的两种不同效应(知识溢出效应与来源于产品市场竞争的偷生意效应)所影响。如何在实证中识别两种效应是一个难题。通过提出多维空间邻近概念,并基于Bloom et al.的思想,利用中国上市公司数据对这两种效应进行了识别。研究发现:偷生意效应与知识溢出效应均能显著促进本企业增加研发投入;与其他邻近模式相比,来源于地理邻近企业的知识溢出更能促进本企业研发;高技术企业的研发行为主要被偷生意效应所驱动,而非高技术企业的研发行为主要被知识溢出效应所驱动;两种效应对国有企业的研发决策均无显著影响;偷生意效应对东部、西部及东北地区企业的研发决策无显著影响,知识溢出表现为从发达地区溢出至欠发达地区的趋势。研究结果具有重要的政策含义:现阶段应进一步推进市场化改革,降低知识溢出门槛,推动各区域协调发展,合理规划产业集聚区,这有利于促使企业加大研发投入,增强创新能力。

Enterprise R&D is an important microfoundation on which China can build an innovative country.In the context of high-quality development,it is extremely important to study the key influencing factors of enterprise R&D decisions.The R&D competition and cooperation modes among enterprises are topics that have received much attention in the field of industrial organization.The core perception is that the R&D decisions of enterprises are affected by two different effects of the R&D of external enterprises.These are knowledge spillover effects and the business stealing effects of product market competition.Determining how to identify the two effects separately in an empirical research is a difficult problem.This paper proposes the concept of multi-dimensional spatial proximity,and uses the data of Chinese listed enterprises to identify these two effects based on the ideas of Bloom et al.The main findings are these:business stealing effects and knowledge spillover effects can significantly promote the enterprise to engage in more R&D investment;compared with other spatial proximity,knowledge spillovers from enterprises that are geographically nearby can promote a given enterprise’s R&D;the R&D behavior of high-tech enterprises is mainly driven by business stealing effects,while the R&D behavior of non-high-tech enterprises is mainly driven by knowledge spillover effects;neither effect has any significant impact on the R&D decisions of state-owned enterprises;business-stealing effects have no significant impact on the R&D decisions of enterprises in the eastern,western and northeastern regions;and knowledge spillover effects cascade from developed regions to underdeveloped regions.The findings of this article have important policy implications:at this stage,market-oriented reforms should be further promoted,the threshold of knowledge spillover should be lowered,the coordinated development of various regions should be promoted,and industrial clusters should be rationally planned.These are all conducive to encouraging enterprises to increase R&D investment and enhance their capacity for innovation.