历史与定制:雍和宫金瓶掣签初掣实践考

History and Customization:An Examination of the Initial Implementation of the Golden Urn Lot-drawing System in Yonghegong

以金瓶掣签的形式进行达赖喇嘛、班禅额尔德尼、哲布尊丹巴和章嘉等重要呼图克图转世灵童的认定,是清中央政府管理藏传佛教事务的一项历史定制。为配合金瓶掣签制度的实施,乾隆皇帝特命造办处制作两只金奔巴瓶,分别存放于西藏大昭寺和北京雍和宫。清乾隆五十八年(1793),在寻访喀尔喀蒙古赛音诺颜部额尔德尼班第达呼图克图转世灵童的过程中,出现了人为舞弊事件,致使清中央政府以“国家意志”查证舞弊事件,并力促金瓶掣签制度在北京雍和宫完成初次实践。文章根据现有的文献资料,通过梳理乾隆皇帝对舞弊事件的回应,分析了初掣实践的历史背景、过程及其意义。

It is a historical custom of the Qing central government in administrating Tibetan Buddhist affairs that the reincarnations of the Dalai Lama,Panchen Erdeni,Jetsun Dampa and Changkya should be recognized in the form of the golden urn lot-drawing.In order to cooperate with the implementation of the golden urn method,Emperor Qianlong ordered the Official Workshop to make two golden urns,which were stored in the Jokhang Monastery in Lhasa and the Yonghegong in Beijing.In the fifty-eighth year of the Qianlong's reign(1793),in the process of searching for the reincarnation of Erdeni Pandit Hutuktu of Sain Noyon in the Khalkha Mongol,there was an incident of human fraud,resulting in the central government of the Qing Dynasty to verify the fraud by the“national will”and to promote the first implementation of the golden urn lot-drawing in Beijing Yonghegong.Based on the available materials,this paper analyzes the historical background,the process,and the significance of the first implementation by sorting out the response of Emperor Qianlong to the fraud incident.