十三世达赖喇嘛出走喀尔喀蒙古再探——以喀尔喀蒙古开销为中心

Re-examining the 13th Dalai Lama's Departure to Khalkha-Mongolia——A Focus on the Expenditure in Khalkha Mongolia

十三世达赖喇嘛于光绪三十年十月抵达库伦,并在喀尔喀蒙古滞留近两年。清廷因十三世达赖喇嘛到访蒙古系违制出走且自身财政拮据等原因,无意拨款接济,而是利用喀尔喀蒙古对藏传佛教的信仰,将此事视为喀尔喀事务而非清廷边政,让巨额开销直接由蒙旗承担。在十三世达赖喇嘛到访之前,喀尔喀蒙古已深陷借贷桎梏之中,为供应第十三世达赖喇嘛及众随行人员生活起居,为其行走、返藏提供乌拉差役,向达赖喇嘛捐献布施,等等,喀尔喀四盟五处产生了巨额支出,一度引发了内部分摊纠纷。这份巨额开销重创了本已濒于破产的喀尔喀蒙旗经济,加剧了社会矛盾,最终引发了喀尔喀蒙古一系列社会危机。

The 13th Dalai Lama arrived in Kulun in October of the 30th year of Guangxu's reign and stayed in Khalkha Mongolia for nearly two years.Due to the Qing government's financial constraints and the 13th Dalai Lama's violation of the established system by fleeing,they had no intention to allocate funds for assistance.Instead,they utilized the faith of Khalkha Mongolia and treated it as a Khalkha affair rather than a frontier policy of the Qing government.The significant expenses were directly borne by the Mongolian Banner.However,before the arrival of the 13th Dalai Lama,Khalkha Mongolia was already trapped in a cycle of borrowing and debt.The Mongolian leagues in Khalkha spent a considerable amount of money to receive the 13th Dalai Lama and his entourage,including daily expenses,Ula and alms,as a consequence,disputes arose over internal allocation.This huge expenditure severely impacted the already bankrupt economy of the Khalkha,intensified social contradictions,a nd ultimately led to a series of crises in Khalkha Mongolia.