觉乃藏族“塔火葬”仪式研究

Studies on the Rite of "Cremation in Stupa" of the Co-ne Tibetan

“塔火葬”是甘南地区觉乃藏族最主要的葬礼仪式,仪式包括吊丧送别、诵经度亡、建塔火化和捡骨土葬,在藏传佛教火供仪式基础上融汇苯教的地方神明概念,引入汉族“烧纸盆”仪式。仪式过程和象征物体现觉乃藏族信仰的生死观念和秩序结构类型。由于觉乃藏族的历史源流和文化生态具有典型的地域性特征,“塔火葬”仪式作为本土文化衍生发展的产物,是藏传佛教信仰意识、苯教文化观念和儒家伦理思想的集聚,是汉藏边界文化变迁、文化交融的具象书写。历经绵长历史时期的层累、异质文化之间的借鉴与多民族风土的习得,“塔火葬”仪式的续写呈现出多元融合发展的地域性民族文化特征。

Cremation in stupa is the most important funeral rite of the Co-ne Tibetan people in Gannan area,including condolence and farewell,chanting for the dead,building tower,cremating and collecting bones to bury.In the process,the"burning paper pot"rite of the Han ethnic group is used on the basis of the fire offering rite of Tibetan Buddhism and the concept of local gods of the Bon.The process and its symbols reflect the life and death concept and the structure type of order of the Co-ne Tibetan people.The historical origins and cultural ecology of the Co-ne Tibetan possess the typical regional characteristics,the"tower cremation"ceremony,as the product of the development of local culture.As the product of the development of local culture,cremation in stupa is the gathering of Tibetan Buddhist belief consciousness,Bon culture concept and Confucian ethical thoughts,and is the concrete description of the cultural changes and cultural integration of the Sino-Tibetan border.After a long period of history,the reference between different cultures and the acquisition of multi-ethnic cultures,the rite of cremation in stupa presents the characteristics of regional ethnic culture of diverse integration and development.